ÿWPC9  èTôòå8ŽtÏ}‚Töü±Ì7J¤L}•‹è"È·ŠW¾äÚKœ»TBÒÑg_eÊÉæäŒsаü ß…çîú’SÃØAlúq’=<­ô "‘[âÛ|©oUâ(eôSõêÓ;Ôo1fš¤ ïŒæitÅh; ͨ¸šµçxs›WÂõ"c+FмþO…_ŽR¬ñHaÃÄ ÉW§57B¦!׬÷¹w;Üœ× ®šœ›5Ì*¸= rsÆ2úQ¦0¬Ü-qíúŠ·šO˜óÿ~³î ".–Qeæ§ þCÙ2RŒQ¬îN-¹Ó¨µ-—BÿUìì°#þj·W€à‹á,å*5tö éáYLܳFüœ41ý‰o.Ô/ú€†Å©ú³½sª;#éO{}©‹hä)H‘–zšp¦tð2êâ`V¡ÒLùPýÿóÏ°‰Æôwdi‡äëMm£9Ô™Ïf™ÞêÉL6ݦ ýqŠÁÃÌWˆÉØ%¨Ý1oÖÀ)ñ¦”ÖbsbkùÞ„´ÿ^(ȘYô§9 fu®xZn¶z? ¢žöÆ[‡Îês(ƒA¼´fk»L ñÆ€&óÏ~å€ä:Í€¼SW"Dò)†ÿ9¬ = ›Yl€¤/]a!Õê¾#!^U0N %Í 0(Ó 0$cûUL^ 0 wª 0 Š! 0  « 0 ´K 0 Çÿ 0 ÛÆ 0 ï¡ 1‡ 1u ^ Œ w˜ 4œ ° ¿ mÁ 72Ø N - ˜Matthew's Printer,ð,,,,,ð0'ôz Z‹6Times New Roman Regular%($¡¡(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(ÆcI Z‹4Times New Roman Italic(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à hœAG_cgkosw{Bullet ListBullet List3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)ëz#*ˆp±(mentx¿‚3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀi) #Ñ#€º€%ÿÿd#ÑÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òòòÔ‡&+%%%ÔÑ€Ì ÑÔ_ÔBackground€Paper€Number€1:à h àWorking€Definitions€of€Globalization€and€Cultureóóó óÐ ° Ðòòð ðIn€our€times€there€is€a€growing€consciousness€of€the€interdependence€of€all€peoples€in€one€commonÐ ˆØ Ðheritage.€The€globalization€of€the€world€economy€and€society€proceeds€at€a€rapid€pace,€fed€byÏdevelopments€in€technology,€communication€and€business.€While€this€phenomenon€can€produce€manyÏbenefits,€it€can€also€result€in€injustices€on€a€massive€scale:€economic€adjustment€programs€and€marketÏforces€unfettered€by€concern€for€their€social€impact,€especially€on€the€poor;€the€homogeneousÏð ðmodernizationðð€of€cultures€in€ways€that€destroy€traditional€cultures€and€values;€a€growing€inequalityÏamong€nations€and€„€within€nations„€between€rich€and€poor,€between€the€powerful€and€the€marginalized.€ÏIn€justice,€we€must€counter€this€by€working€to€build€up€a€world€order€of€genuine€solidarity,€where€all€canÏhave€a€rightful€place€at€the€banquet€of€the€Kingdom.ððóó€(GC€34,€D€3,€n.€7).Ô#†%+%%&+1#ÔÔ‡&+%%%+ÔÐ H ˜  ÐÌThe€Society€of€Jesus€has€recognized€that€globalization€is€a€dynamic€process€with€ambivalent€results:€itÏcan€enhance€the€potential€for€comprehensive€human€development.€It€also€can€impoverish€people€on€aÏmassive€scale.€People€experience€globalization€from€different€perspectives.€They€have€differingÏunderstandings€and€assessments€of€it.€Ô#†%+%%&+’#ÔÔ‡&+%%%+Ô€Some€hold€euphoric€expectations€of€global€prosperity€(asÐ €Ð  Ðexpressed€for€instance€at€the€World€Economic€Forum€in€Davos).€Others€view€this€process€pessimistically,Ïas€the€cause€of€all€social€evils€(as€for€instance€organizations€that€protested€the€existence€of€the€WorldÏTrade€Organization€in€Seattle).€ÌÌThe€rejection€of€globalization€frequently€arises€out€of€a€concern€that€local€cultures€are€damaged€by€theÏWestern€values€associated€with€the€spread€of€free€market€policies.€People€experience€globalization€as€anÏalien€way€of€life€that€is€imposed€on€them.€They€feel€impotent€when€they€have€no€say€in€decisions€aboutÏits€policies.€When€frustration€outweighs€the€hope€of€human€development,€globalization€increases€theÏpotential€for€social€tensionsÔ#†%+%%&+:#ÔÔ‡&+%%%+Ô.€Unless€economic€policies€take€into€consideration€the€sources€of€these€socialÐ h Ðtensions€they€run€the€risk€of€exacerbating€them.€On€the€other€hand,€Ô#†%+%%&+x #ÔÔ‡&+%%%+Ôglobalization€can€also€awaken€aÐ ð@ Ðcontrasting€sense€of€the€potential€for€a€new€exercise€of€freedom€and€responsibility€for€improving€theÏmaterial€conditions€of€€life.€Moreover,€people€become€aware€that€with€this€potential€something€like€aÏglobal€identity€emerges€in€their€daily€lives.€This€identity€somehow€coexists€with€their€local€culture.ÏÔ#†%+%%&+a #ÔÔ‡&+%%%+ÔHence,€the€need€for€understanding€globalization€in€relation€to€local€cultures.Ô#†%+%%&+ #ÔÔ‡&+%%%+Ô€The€purpose€of€this€paper€isÐ P  Ðto€spell€out€what€we€mean€by€globalization€and€by€culture.€ÌÌÔ#†%+%%&+š #ÔÔ‡&+%%%+Ôòòóóò òòòGlobalizationó óóóÐ Ø( ÐÌThe€term€globalization€refers€to€an€unprecedented€intensification€and€acceleration€of€an€ever€more€openÏflow€of€communication€and€movement€of€people,€technologies,€money,€goods,€images€and€ideas€acrossÏnational€borders.€This€cross„border€interaction€links€individuals,€organizations,€countries€and€culturesÏeither€actually€or€potentially.€However,€the€interdependence€resulting€from€such€linkages€frequently€isÏasymmetric.€ÌÌIn€its€fullest€sense,€globalization€is€a€process€that€arises€out€of€two€interconnected€historicalÏdevelopments.€One€is€the€advance€in€the€technologies€of€communications,€information€andÏtransportation.€The€other€is€the€implementation€of€liberalization€policies€and€the€opening€up€of€localÏmarkets€to€international€flows€of€goods,€services,€technology,€and€especially€capital.€These€developmentsÏare€multifaceted.€They€involve€interlocking€economic,€ecological,€socio„cultural€and€political€activitiesÏthat€penetrate€all€areas€of€everyday€life.€Moreover,€globalization€is€uneven€both€in€the€way€it€influencesÏlocal€cultures€and€the€wayÔ#†%+%%&+K #ÔÔ‡&+%%%+Ô€it€is€affected€by€its€encounter€with€local€cultures.€It€is€uneven€becauseÐ ¨*ø%- Ðdevelopments€in€the€individual€countries€take€place€at€different€speeds,€and€because€the€range€and€depthÏof€its€influence€vary.€It€is€affected€in€the€sense€that€€while€it€has€an€impact€on€people,€it€is€also€shaped€byÏthem,€whether€their€local€response€is€resistant€or€receptive.€ÌÐ .X)1 ÐÑÌ Ñâ âÑ8€+%%dØ%%dØ8Ñâ âÑ  Ñò òEconomic€globalizationó ó€is€driving€the€current€process€of€globalization.€Ô#†%+%%&+å#ÔÔ‡&+%%%+ÔWe€can€understand€the€globalÐ ° Ðeconomy€best€in€its€historical€context.€The€recent€wave€of€economic€globalization€is€fundamentallyÏdifferent€from€the€first€wave€(approximately€1870€to€1914).€During€the€first€period,€reductions€in€barriersÏto€international€transactions€led€primarily€to€an€increase€of€trade€in€goods.€ò òó óIn€this€second€and€currentÐ <Œ Ðperiod,€beyond€new€increases€in€trade,€economic€globalization€is€resulting€in€the€progressive€networkingÏof€national€market€economies.€This€networking€occurs€through€the€growth€of€foreign€direct€investments,Ïan€increase€in€the€number€of€joint€ventures,€and€an€unprecedented€integration€of€international€financialÏmarkets.€Along€with€the€flow€of€information€(electronic„commerce)€these€capital€markets€enjoy€anÏopenness€that€allows€them€to€operate€beyond€nationalÔ#†%+%%&+p#ÔÔ‡&+%%%+Ô€regulations.€The€increase€of€short„term€capital€inÐ t Ä Ðthe€overall€flow€of€international€capital€creates€the€potential€for€economic€and€social€instability€(e.g.,€theÏAsian€crisis).ò òÐ $ t  ÐÌó óThe€decision€of€government€policy€makers€to€open€up€their€national€and€local€markets€is€carried€outÐ Ô$  Ðthrough€fiscal€policies€(budgetary,€exchange€rate€and€taxation€policies).€Historically,€governmentsÏsuffering€from€a€critical€shortage€of€financial€capital,€have€taken€these€steps€because€of€the€conditionsÏthat€private,€bilateral€and€muÔ#†%+%%&+#ÔÔ‡&+%%%+Ôltilateral€financial€institutions€have€placed€on€their€loans.€These€conditionsÐ \¬  Ð(called€for€by€ð ðeconomic€structural€adjustment€policiesÔ#†%+%%&+Š#ÔÔ‡&+%%%+Ôðð)€have€required€governments€to€adopt€fiscalÐ 4„  Ðpolicies€associated€with€globalization.€When€structural€adjustment€policies€are€not€accompanied€byÏadequate€social€policies€(poverty€alleviation,€health€care,€education)€they€often€result€in€the€exclusion€ofÏthe€poor€from€the€benefits€of€economic€growth€as€well€as€increased€impoverishment.ò òÐ ¼  Ðó óÌMoreover,€together€with€growing€openness€that€permits€the€flow€of€goods€and€capital,€we€seeÏcontradictions€in€national€policies€of€industrialized€countries€that€promote€globalization.€For€instance,€theÏmigration€policies€of€many€countries,€which€restrict€cross„border€movement€of€people,€run€counter€toÔ#†%+%%&+i#ÔÔ‡&+%%%+Ô€theÐ l Ðincreasing€liberalization€of€trade€in€finance€capital,€goods€and€services.€In€addition,€some€nationalÏpolicies€protect€domestic€employment€through€measures€favoring€products€that€are€no€longerÏinternationally€competitive.€€ÌÌò òòòCultureóó€ó óÐ T¤ ÐÌRapid€local€economic€change€due€to€the€global€economy€generates€cultural€change€and€accompanyingÏsocial€tensions.€€People€are€able€to€manage€these€tensions€to€the€extent€that€their€inherited€ways€ofÏknowing€and€understanding€the€world€allow€them€to€do€so.€€Successful€adaptation€depends€on€the€extentÏto€which€they€can€forge€a€new€consensus€on€how€to€reinterpret€and€adapt€their€inherited€culture.€As€theyÏopen€themselves€to€interaction€with€other€cultures,€a€certain€pluralism€develops€within€the€culture€itself.Ì€ÌÔ#†%+%%&+[#ÔÔ‡&+%%%+ÔThe€term€culture€is€used€here€to€denote€ð ð...€the€way€in€which€a€human€group€lives,€thinks,€feels,€organizesÐ #d$ Ð(itself),€celebrates,€and€shares€lifeðð€(GC€34,€D€4,€n.1).€ð ðUnderlying€all€manifestations€or€expressions€ofÏculture€there€is€a€set€or€system€of€meanings,€of€values€and€criteria,€of€world€views€that€are€translated€intoÏlanguages,€gestures,€symbols,€roles,€styles€and€patterns€of€life,€as€well€as€into€the€perception,€analysis,Ïinterpretation,€and€evaluation€of€reality€in€its€action€and€expression.ðð€(M.€Azevedo,€SJ)€ÌÌBoth€the€material€(art,€craft,€technology)€and€the€non„material€aspects€(value,€attitude,€belief)€of€cultureÏare€essential€elements€of€human€life.€They€make€up€the€framework€in€which€communities€function€byÏgiving€common€meaning€(interpretative€function)€and€value€(normative€function)€to€their€economic,Ïsocial,€political€and€religious€activities.€Moreover,€they€operate€through€institutions€(family,€church,Ïmarket,€government,€voluntary€association)€whose€processes€can€either€develop€or€break€down€over€time.ÏIn€times€of€social€change€they€involve€a€continual€reevaluation€of€accepted€practices.€€€Ð \,¬'/ ЇAs€institutions€associated€with€the€global€markets€bring€new€meaning€and€values€Ô#†%+%%&+Å!#ÔÔ‡&+%%%+Ôinto€local€culturalÐ ° Ðsettings,€the€pace€of€change€intensifies.€Modern€communications€media,€transportation€and€tourism,€asÏwell€as€businesses€disseminate€ideas€and€behavior€that€alter€peopleððs€daily€life.€Ideas€like€those€aboutÏhuman€rights€including€gender€equality,€democratic€procedures€and€the€market€economy,€as€well€as€aboutÏproduction€methods,€consumption€patterns€and€leisure€habits€enter€local€cultures.€Because€they€comeÏfrom€outside€and€carry€the€momentum€of€common€global€attraction,€they€can€heighten€the€localÏcommunityððs€sense€of€loss€of€control€over€itself.€On€the€one€hand,€a€community€can€reassert€itselfÏthrough€the€rejection€of€everything€associated€with€globalization.€In€this€case€social€movements€inÏopposition€can€emerge€that€focus€on€religious,€national,€racial€or€ethnic€particularities.€They€can€turn€toÏfundamentalism,€and€in€some€cases€even€indiscriminate€violence.€On€the€other€hand,€another€reactionÏwould€be€the€uncritical€assimilation€of€the€ð ðglobal€culture.ðð€ÌÌBetween€these€two€extreme€ways€in€which€local€communities€reinterpret€and€reevaluate€their€traditionalÏway€of€life€and€doing€business,€people€can€seek€a€variety€of€alternative€ways€of€taking€responsibility€forÏadapting€and€changing.€This€kind€of€responsibility€involves€rational€assessment€of€available€choices.€As€aÏcultural€problem€it€goes€beyond€instrumental€rationality.€Ô#†%+%%&+ô&#ÔÔ‡&+%%%+Ôð ð[W]hat€is€crucial€for€a€rational€assessment€ofÐ X¨  Ðsuch€choices€is€the€ability€of€the€people€to€participate€in€public€discussions€on€the€subjectðð€(Sen€1999,Ï242).€€Such€discussions€require€an€understanding€of€how€globalization€works.ÌÌGiven€the€growing€openness€of€cultures€and€the€uneven€ways€in€which€they€interact€and€influence€oneÏanother,€these€public€discussions€take€place€among€cultures€as€well€as€within€them.€Fair€participationÏrequires€a€global€social€environment€in€which€each€culture€has€a€voice.€In€a€world€of€cultural€pluralismÏno€single€culture€can€make€itself€normative€for€the€others.€In€this€situation,€the€higher€viewpoint€of€theÏglobal€common€good€can€only€result€from€inter„cultural€dialogue€that€deals€with€tensions€between€marketÏand€society€in€economic€policy€discussions.ÌÌò òòòWork€as€a€Key€Part€of€Cultureóóó óÐ  ð ÐÌThe€phenomenon€of€human€work€is€by€far€the€most€frequently€repeated€theme€in€the€narratives€fromÏcenters€participating€in€the€Global€Economy€and€Cultures€network.€Our€stories€reveal€this€from€severalÏdifferent€ð ðangles.ðð€Some€of€them€are€the€following:€employment€and€joblessness,€labor€migration,€genderÏperspective,€working€conditions€(including€environmental€conditions),€knowledge€as€a€wealth„producingÏresource,€social€and€economic€exclusion€from€the€market€resulting€in€new€forms€of€poverty.€While€theyÏall€reflect€experiences€of€globalizationððs€negative€aspects,€they€also€illustrate€the€deep€cultural€meaningÏof€work.Ô#†%+%%&+¯,#ÔÔ‡&+%%%+Ô€They€exemplify€how€work€is€a€significant€part€of€human€life€through€which€people€not€only€earnÐ `!°" Ðan€income€and€make€their€living,€but€also€Ô‡&‚¤%%&+ÔparticipateÔ#†&+%%&‚¤œ3#Ô€in€society,€its€culture,€its€economy€and€its€decisionÐ 8"ˆ# Ðmaking€processes.€The€different€aspects€of€work€noted€above€are€concrete€opportunities€by€whichÏparticipation€and€human€development€occurs.€ÌÌPeople€structure€their€economies€according€to€the€distinctive€meaning€and€value€they€give€to€their€work.ÏThe€expanding€global€market€economy,€with€its€culture,€affects€the€organization€of€work€and€challengesÏpeople€to€respond€creatively€at€the€local€level.€For€example,€activities€of€transnational€and€nationalÏbusinesses,€government€agencies€and€multilateral€institutions€heighten€the€pace€of€change€of€traditionalÏlabor€patterns€(e.g.,€working€conditions,€organizational€styles,€social€value€of€different€jobs,€wages).ÏThey€do€this€by€introducing€new€technologies€and€production€standards.€Technical€progress€increases€theÏrole€of€human€knowledge€and€the€demand€for€skilled€labor.€These€conditions€lead€to€an€oversupply€ofÏunskilled€work€and€therefore€unemployment€among€unskilled€workers€in€traditional€sectors.€The€re„¼organization€of€work€diminishes€the€significance€of€unskilled€labor€in€the€community€and€lessens€Ô_ÔtheÐ X,¨'/ Ðð ðcapability€of€participationðð€(A.€Sen)€among€the€unemployed.€It€also€affects€family,€tribal,€and€casteÏrelations,€upsets€the€traditional€division€of€labor,€particularly€between€men€and€women,€and€reinforcesÏgenerational€divisions€in€knowledge,€taste,€and€consumption€patterns.€Accordingly,€the€re„organization€ofÏwork€is€one€of€the€main€ways€in€which€the€global€economy€has€an€impact€on€local€cultures.ÌÌÌÌÔ#†%+%%&+ß2#Ôò òòòÔ‡&+%%%+ÔReferences:óóó óÐ ˜ è ÐÌÓb€  (œAx3bÓÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ï:ÝÔ2œAÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝResponses€to€preliminary€questions€about€globalization€and€cultures݃3£ï:;ÝŒÐH ˜ (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌØØÓb€  (œAxx bÓÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£h<ÝÔ2œAÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝNarratives€submitted€by€participating€centers݃3£h<“<ÝŒÐø H (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌØØÓb€  (œAxx bÓÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£Ë=ÝÔ2œAÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝTranscript€of€the€September,€1999€meeting€of€14€participants݃3£Ë=ö=݌Шø (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌØØÓb€  (œAxx bÓÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£=?ÝÔ2œAÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝReport€of€the€September,€1999€meeting݃3£=?h?ÝŒÐX¨ (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌØØÓb€  (œAxx bÓÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£˜@ÝÔ2œAÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝComments€by€network€participants€on€the€report݃3£˜@Ã@ÝŒÐX(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌØØÓb€  (œAxx bÓÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£üAÝÔ2œAÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝSuggestions€from€participants€regarding€major€themes€in€the€stories݃3£üA'B݌и(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ôBÝÔ2œAÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAzevedoÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔMarcelloÔ_Ô,€S.J.,€definition€of€culture݃3£ôBCÝŒÐh¸(#(# ÐŒÝ  Ýà@ìì*ìàˆÌÔ#†%+%%&+G:#ÔÔ‡&+%%%+ÔØØÓb€  (œAxx bÓÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£íDÝÔ2œAÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝSen,€A.,€òòDevelopment€as€Freedomóó,€New€York,€Alfred€A.€Knopf,€1999.݃3£íDEÝŒÐh(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£éEÝÔ2œAÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòDocuments€of€the€34òòthóó€General€Congregation,€Society€of€Jesusóó,€St.€Louis,€Mo.:€Institute€of€JesuitÐ È ÐSources,€1995݃3£éEF݌Р(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÔ#†%+%%&+MD#ÔÔ‡&+%%%+ÔÌÌÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àà  àÔ#†%+%%&+GG#ÔÔ‡ô¸¯õ%%+ÔApril€11,€2000Ô#†%+%õô¸¯H#ÔÐ °  ÐÌÔ‡&+%%%+ÔÌÔ#†%+%%&+lH#Ô